Unravelling the Complexities: Understanding Manipur's Persistent Violence

INTRODUCTION:

Manipur, a northeastern state of India, has been marred by persistent violence for several decades and conditions have only worsened since May of 2023. A total of 142 people have lost their life to this incessant war (data up to 12^th July 2023). The region's diverse ethnic composition, historical grievances, and complex socio-political dynamics have contributed to the perpetuation of violence. This article aims to shed light on the root causes and various dimensions of the violence in Manipur, highlighting the need for a comprehensive approach to peacebuilding and conflict resolution.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT:

Understanding the violence in Manipur requires an examination of its historical context. Manipur has a history of disputes over land, resources, and political autonomy. The imposition of external control during the colonial era and the subsequent integration into the Indian Union have been sources of contention, leading to movements for self-determination and demands for greater autonomy.

Pre-Independence Era (19th century):

Manipur was an independent kingdom until the late 19th century when the British East India Company established control over the region.
The annexation of Manipur by the British sparked discontent and resistance among the local population, leading to sporadic conflicts.

Post-Independence (1947-1970s):

Manipur became a part of independent India in 1947. The local people weren’t satisfied by the decision and claimed that the King Maharaja Bodhachandra was blackmailed to do so.
The merger of Manipur into the Indian Union in 1949 led to protests and demands for greater autonomy and recognition of separate identity. Many tribes like Naga wanted to be integrated with their fellow tribe members from Nagaland and Myanmar and create a greater Nagaland.
In the 1960s and 1970s, various political movements and student organizations emerged, advocating for the protection of Manipuri interests and cultural identity.

INSERGENCIES & ARMED GROUPS:

One of the significant manifestations of violence in Manipur is the presence of numerous insurgent groups. These groups often operate with the goal of protecting ethnic identity, asserting political demands, or seeking secession from India. Their activities include attacks on security forces, extortion, and occasional clashes between rival factions. The cycle of violence perpetuated by these groups has created a sense of fear and instability among the population.

ETHENIC TENSION:

Manipur is home to multiple ethnic communities, each with its distinct cultural and social identity. Ethnic tensions and rivalries have fuelled violence, resulting in clashes and inter-community conflicts. These conflicts are often rooted in competition over resources, land disputes, historical grievances, and identity politics. Resolving these deep-seated tensions requires fostering dialogue, promoting inter-community harmony, and addressing the underlying socio-economic disparities.

At present the reason for clashes between Meiteis (The land tribe), Nagas & Kukis (The mountain tribe) include reasons like:

Uneven distribution of land- Meiteis (53% population) inhabit the Imphal valley which is only 10% of total land in Manipur, whereas the mountain tribes live in the 90% of the land which constitutes of hills.
The mountain tribes have the ST status whereas which allows them to buy land where ever they want but the Meities who are currently protesting for the status can not buy land in the hills of Manipur.
The hill tribes are against Meities getting this status as they already have extensive representation in the legislature, are well educated, have best facilities as the Imphal valley is well connected and has better opportunities as compared to the barren hills.

STATE RESPONSE & HUMAN RIGHTS CONCERN:

The state's response to violence in Manipur has been a topic of contention. The heavy presence of security forces, armed encounters, and counter-insurgency operations have raised concerns about human rights violations. Incidents of extrajudicial killings, disappearances, and allegations of excessive use of force have strained the relationship between the state and its citizens. Establishing accountability, ensuring the protection of human rights, and promoting a culture of dialogue are crucial steps towards addressing these concerns.

DEVELOPMENT & INCLUSIVITY:

Promoting development and inclusivity is vital for mitigating violence in Manipur. Socio-economic disparities, lack of basic amenities, and limited employment opportunities have contributed to a sense of frustration and marginalization among sections of the population. Empowering communities through inclusive development policies, skill-building initiatives, and infrastructure development can help address these grievances and create a more equitable society.

CONCLUSION:

The persistent violence in Manipur is a multifaceted issue deeply rooted in historical, socio-political, and economic factors. Resolving the conflicts and achieving sustainable peace requires a comprehensive approach that addresses the root causes, promotes dialogue, and ensures inclusivity and development. The government, civil society organizations, and communities must work collaboratively to find lasting solutions, foster reconciliation, and create an environment where the aspirations and concerns of all stakeholders are acknowledged and addressed. By doing so, Manipur can chart a path towards peace, stability, and a brighter future for its people.

Connect with the reviewers:

GARGI JUGRAN (jugrangargi@gmail.com)

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